2024 Where is harappan civilization

The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus River Valley Civilization, was a mighty and prosperous society that endured from 3300 to 1300 BCE. Though not …. Cheap flights long beach

May 29, 2012 · The Harappan or Indus Civilization ( 1 – 8) developed at the arid outer edge of the monsoonal rain belt ( 9, Fig. 1) and largely depended on river water for agriculture ( 10 ). The Harappans settled the Indus plain over a territory larger than the contemporary extent of Egypt and Mesopotamia combined ( Figs. 2 and 3 ). Great Bath, ancient structure at Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, an archaeological site featuring ruins of the Indus civilization. The Great Bath is part of a large citadel complex and dates to the 3rd millennium BCE. It is believed to have been used for ritual bathing. Learn more about the Great Bath’s features.HARAPPA. HARAPPA The Indus Civilization was first discovered in the course of exploratory excavations at Harappa by Alexander Cunningham in 1856 and 1872. Major excavations between 1920 and 1934, directed by Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni and Madho Sarup Vats, found that the site had been badly looted of bricks, but important …Apr 30, 2013 · The Indus civilization was first identified at Harappa, once a city of 80,000 people. The Forgotten an Approach on Harappan Toy Artefacts. A wide-ranging analysis of toys and their possible role in ancient Indus civilization through a close look at finds from Bagasra, Gujarat. Using social theory, microarchaeology, recent research in other civilizations, and a sophisticated approach to the question of "toys" in archaeology, the ...citadel, fortified structure that is often located within a city or town.While designed to protect or subjugate social groups, citadels often played a significant role in shaping culture.The word is from the Latin civitas ( “citizenship,” “the state,” or “city”) via the Italian cittadella (“small city”).. The Indus civilization (c. 2500 bce –1700 bce) featured some of the ...The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus River Valley Civilization, was a mighty and prosperous society that endured from 3300 to 1300 BCE. Though not …The Harappan Civilisation (HC) was spread over large parts of western region of the Indian Subcontinent. Its earliest roots can be found from 7000 BC in Mehrgarh but its peak urban period is ...civilizations, the Harappan civilisation occupied about 8,00,000 sq. km, a larger area than the other two civilizations. It rose in the North-Western part of the Indian sub-continent. It is called Harappan because this civilization was first discovered in 1921 at the modern site of Harappa situated in the province of West Punjab in Pakistan.The Indus Valley Civilization covered parts of Sind, Baluchistan, Afganistan, West Punjab, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Maharashtra. Over 1000 Indus Valley Civilization sites have been discovered. It’s not easy to connect the archaeological finds with their respective Harappan cities.The inflow of water would have exceeded the losses resulting from seepage and evaporation, and the rising waters would have overtopped the “dam.” A period of ...The Harappan Civilisation covered parts of Punjab, Haryana, Sindh, Baluchistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan and fringes of western Uttar Pradesh. (c) The four important cities of the Harappan Civilisation are: Harappa — It is situated in Montgomery district of Punjab on the left bank of Ravi river. It was the first site to be discovered in 1921. The Indus Valley Civilization is perhaps the earliest known urban settlement in the Indian Subcontinent. Emerging on the banks of ... Towards the end, the mystery of language of the Harappan Civilisation still remains unsolved but it is definitely fascinating to know that there once was a civilisation dating back to c. 3300 – c. 1300 BCE ...Pashupati seal. The Pashupati seal (also Mahayogi seal, [1] Proto-Śiva seal; [2] the adjective "so-called" sometimes applied to "Pashupati"), [3] is a steatite seal which was uncovered in Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, a major urban site of the Indus Valley civilisation ("IVC"), during excavations in 1928–29, when the region was under British rule.The Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan Civilisation (part of Proto-history) was the first urban civilization in South Asia. IVC, Mesopotamian (also called Sumerian (4500-1900 …This map shows the two major cities of the Indus civilization, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, and other archaeological sites the authors discuss. " "". MR. 6. MR. 5.The other major Harappan sites discovered so far are Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Ganeriwala, Rakhigarhi, Kalibangan, Rupnagar and Lothal. It was named as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Dholavira: a Harappan City on 27 July 2021. Nov 21, 2020 · These can be envisioned in a hierarchy based on size and sophistication. The top consists of five major cities of roughly 250 acres each. One of those is Harappa, and because it was excavated first the entire civilization was named Harappan Civilization. The bottom of the hierarchy consists of fifteen thousand smaller agricultural and craft ... Jun 1, 2016 ... Climate change probably not responsible for the collapse of the Harappan civilisation ... A file photo of the Harappa Site at Dholavira, in ...Till 1920, the relics of the civilization were found only in the Indus valley region; therefore, it was known as the Indus civilization. In 1920-21, the Harappan civilization was discovered in the excavations by D. R. Salini (at Harappa) and by R. D. Banerjee (at Mohenjo Daro).. The remains of the civilization were first noticed at Harappa, therefore it is also known …Named after Harappa, the first site where this unique culture was discovered (p. 6), the civilisation is dated between c. 2600 and 1900 BCE. There were earlier and later cultures, often called Early Harappan and Late Harappan, in the same area. The Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from ...Civilization's impact on Earth's environment is certainly great, but how great? Learn about civilization's impact on Earth's environment. Advertisement Humanity exacts a terrifying...The identification of the Harappan Civilization was the most glorious discovery in Indian Subcontinent. The remains of the Harappan Civilization came to limelight in 1921-22, however, the site of...Hakra Ware. Hakra Ware culture was a material culture which is contemporaneous with the early Harappan Ravi phase culture (3300–2800 BCE) of the Indus Valley in Northern India and eastern- Pakistan. [1] [2] This culture arises in the 4th millennium with the first remnants of Hakra Ware pottery appearing near Jalilpur on the Ravi River about ...Civil Engineering contains information about how bridges, roads and highways are constructed. Learn about civil engineering with this articles from HowStuffWorks. Advertisement We ...Harappan Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Gregory L. Possehl, editor. Aris and Phillips, Ltd., Warminster, England, in cooperation with the American ...Female figurine. Mature Harappan period, 2700–2000 BCE. Indus civilization. National Museum, New Delhi. Indus Civilization pottery figure of horned deity.. The religion and belief system of the Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) people have received considerable attention, with many writers concerned with identifying precursors to the religious …Harappa is known to be a 4700-year-old city in the subcontinent that was discovered around the time of 1920. Soon after, the discovery of cities such as Lothal, …Pashupati seal. The Pashupati seal (also Mahayogi seal, [1] Proto-Śiva seal; [2] the adjective "so-called" sometimes applied to "Pashupati"), [3] is a steatite seal which was uncovered in Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, a major urban site of the Indus Valley civilisation ("IVC"), during excavations in 1928–29, when the region was under British rule.The Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan Civilisation (part of Proto-history) was the first urban civilization in South Asia. IVC, Mesopotamian (also called Sumerian (4500-1900 BCE)), and Egyptian (3200-1000 BCE) along with Chinese civilization were the earliest of settlement showing complex societal life. The Indus Valley Civilization began around the modern sites of Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Ganweriwala, and Kalibangan, among other places, beginning around 3200 BC. The first phase of the civilization is known as the “Early Harappan phase” and lasted until about 2600 BC. This era of Indus Valley Civilization is known as an “era of ... Considering these fortifications and the structure of other major Indus valley cities like Harappa, it is postulated that Mohenjo-daro was an administrative center. Both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro share relatively the same architectural layout, and were generally not heavily fortified like other Indus Valley sites. Elements of the Harappan tradition developed at Mehrgarh but there is also a long sequence of continuous cultural development in the Indus Valley itself. A short survey of the Harappan achievements demonstrates an advanced socioeconomic and technological fabric, a complex economic infrastructure, and political organization that …Jul 1, 2016 · July 1, 2016 by Anirudh. Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as Harappan Civilization after its first find-spot Harappa, was the largest of the four great ancient civilizations. It covered an area consisting of most of modern Pakistan, a significant part of India and parts of Afghanistan. It lasted for at least 1600 years. Feb 1, 2016 · The earlier belief that the Harappan Civilization (Mature Harappan phase) was a homogenous has turned out to be a myth. Within the Harappan region we find manifestation of the regional variation and three such regional variations (Domain according to Possehl (2002) can very distinctly be identified. The discovery of the Indus civilization in the early 1920s turned the dominant invasionist framework on its head. The accepted dates for the Harappan civilization's urban or Mature phase are 2600 ...Harappan Civilization. : This Is A Collection Of Papers Presented By The World`S Greatest Experts On Ancient India`S Earliest Cities. In This Thoroughly Revised And Updated Edition, The Editor, Prof. Gregory L. Possehl Has Introduced Two Completely New Sections: Harappan Archaeology And The Gulf, And Results Of Recent Excavations.The Indus Valley civilization (also called the Harappan era) was one of the earliest known cultures of the Old World, dating from approximately 3,300 to 1,900 BCE, and spanning widely across Afghanistan, Pakistan and …Feb 2, 2012 ... In which John Green teaches you about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the largest of the ancient civilizations. John teaches you the ...The Buffalo Sacrifice. Asko Parpola writes: "Early Harappan cultures started moving toward the east and south in about 3000 BCE, and later waves of influence in these same directions came from the Indus civilization. That the Harappan water-buffalo cult [Fig. 2, 3] had reached penninsular India by the late Harappan on Chalcolithic times is ...Harappan civilization had collapsed by 1300 BC and the society had seemed to decline by 1900 BC. The “Indus valley civilisation” or “Harappan civilisation” declined around 1800 BCE. The Harappan civilisation was the most beautiful civilisation at that Romanian time where the creation of sculptures, cities, drainage systems was the most famous innovation.Weights, Harappa. Cubical weights in graduated sizes.These weights conform to the standard Harappan binary weight system that was used in all of the settlements. The smallest weight in this series is 0.856 grams and the most common weight is approximately 13.7 grams, which is in the 16th ratio. In the large weights the system become a decimal ...Great Bath, ancient structure at Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, an archaeological site featuring ruins of the Indus civilization. The Great Bath is part of a large citadel complex and dates to the 3rd millennium BCE. It is believed to have been used for ritual bathing. Learn more about the Great Bath’s features.Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni CIE (16 December 1879 – 7 March 1939) was an Indian archaeologist who supervised the excavation of the Indus valley site at Harappa in 1920 to 1921. The first report on Harappan excavations came out on 29 March 1921, published by John Marshall, which is why various historians have chosen 1921 AD as the period of …The Indus Valley Civilization covered parts of Sind, Baluchistan, Afganistan, West Punjab, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Maharashtra. Over 1000 Indus Valley Civilization sites have been discovered. It’s not easy to connect the archaeological finds with their respective Harappan cities.Harappan Civilization. ( also known as Indus Civilization) 2300-1750 BCE (or 2600-1900 BCE) Chapter 3, pp. 63-64. Harappa Name derived from one of its major city; Mohenjo Daro “city of the dead,”was another large city. The size of the area is around the size of England, France and Spain combined. Economy based on the cultivation of wheat ...Town planning of harappan civilization was a cultural, social, and political entity that thrived in the northern Indian subcontinent between approximately 7000 and 600 BCE. In addition to the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization and the Harappan Civilization, its contemporary name is derived from its location in the Indus River Valley.Indians - A Brief History of a Civilization: Ep 1 - The Harappans. 24:07. Namit Arora. A very well produced and visually rich introduction to the ancient Indus civilization with Namit Arora, the first of a six part series on the long history of Indians today. Extensive scenes of Dholavira and its possible stadium. An insufficient number of archaeological surveys has been carried out to date on Harappan Civilization cemeteries. One case in point is the necropolis at Rakhigarhi site (Haryana, India), one of the largest cities of the Harappan Civilization, where most burials within the cemetery remained uninvestigated. Over the course of the past three seasons …Sep 25, 2023 · Indus Valley Civilization, also known as Harappan Civilization, is a Bronze age civilization that existed through its early years of 3300-1300 BCE, and its mature period of 2600-1900 BCE. The area of this civilization was spread along the Indus River from what today is northeast Afghanistan into Pakistan and northwest India. Sep 5, 2019 · For the first time, scientists have sequenced the genome of a person from the Harappan or Indus Valley Civilization, which peaked in today’s India-Pakistan border region around 2600 to 1900 B.C. Introduction to Harappan Civilization. Harappa is known to be a 4700 years old city in the subcontinent which was discovered around the time 1920. Soon after the discovery of cities like Lothal, Dholavira, Mohenjodaro, and Kalibangan have also been discovered and were come to be known as the Harappan cities or also the advent of …The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus River Valley Civilization, was a mighty and prosperous society that endured from 3300 to 1300 BCE. Though not …Ropar - Background. Y.D. Sharma discovered Ropar in 1953.; A new form of ceramics and ornaments has been discovered. Characteristic Harappan pottery cert blades, beads, faience decorations, brus Celts, terracotta calies, and an engraved seal with typical information pictographs were discovered.; The region is a shadily inhabited area known …Seated Mother Goddess, Indus Civilization, c. 3000–2500 B.C.E., Mehrgarh style, terracotta, Baluchistan, Pakistan, 13.3 x 4.1 cm ( The Metropolitan Museum of Art) These are subset of the various figurines that were made of fired clay or terracotta that contained sand, shell fragments, mica particles, and vegetable material.This civilization existed between 3300 and 1300 BCE, with some cities reaching a population of 60,000 at their peak from c. 2600 to 1900 BCE. The Harappan ...Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Indus (or Harappan) are Bronze age (3 rd millennium BCE) river-valley civilizations (Fig. 1A). A general perception is that large civilizations developed near large river systems that provided water resources for sustenance. But this depiction of human-river interaction becomes complex in the case of …civilizations, the Harappan civilisation occupied about 8,00,000 sq. km, a larger area than the other two civilizations. It rose in the North-Western part of the Indian sub-continent. It is called Harappan because this civilization was first discovered in 1921 at the modern site of Harappa situated in the province of West Punjab in Pakistan. The site contains the remnants of one of two main centres of the ancient Indus civilization (c. 2500–1700 bce), the other one being Harappa, some 400 miles (640 km) to the northwest ... Its relationship with Harappa, however, is uncertain—i.e., if the two cities were contemporaneous centres or if one city succeeded the other. Mohenjo-daro ...Till 1920, the relics of the civilization were found only in the Indus valley region; therefore, it was known as the Indus civilization. In 1920-21, the Harappan civilization was discovered in the excavations by D. R. Salini (at Harappa) and by R. D. Banerjee (at Mohenjo Daro).. The remains of the civilization were first noticed at Harappa, therefore it is also known …The Harappan language is the unknown language or languages of the Bronze Age ( c. 2nd millennium BC) Harappan civilization (Indus Valley civilization, or IVC). The Harappan script has long defied attempts to read it, and therefore the language remains unknown. [3] The language being unattested in any readable contemporary source, hypotheses ...Rakhigarhi was located in Haryana. The Indus Valley Civilization was also located in Ropar which is currently located in Punjab. The two most prominent sites were Harappa and …The Harappan or Indus Valley culture is one of the world's earliest civilizations. It was unknown until the early part of the 20th century, when the great ...The Indus civilization (also known as the Harappan Civilization, the Indus-Sarasvati or Hakra Civilization and sometimes the Indus Valley Civilization) is one of the oldest societies we know of, …The civilization was discovered in the 1920s and 1930s when archaeologists uncovered the remains of Harappa and Mohenjodaro, leading to the recognition of one of the oldest urban civilizations in the world. The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, emerged around 3300 BC in what is now Pakistan and …Tour the ancient Indus Civilization with one of its foremost scholars and recent excavators, Jonathan Mark Kenoyer. Stunning slides from Harappa and Mohenjo-... Around the Indus in 90 Slides 2. The Latest Discoveries at Harappa 1995-1998 include the earliest Indus writing, a 133 bead pot, 16 tablets, and more.Indus script. The Indus script, also known as the Harappan script, is a corpus of symbols produced by the Indus Valley Civilisation. Most inscriptions containing these symbols are extremely short, making it difficult to judge whether or not they constituted a writing system used to record a Harappan language, any of which are yet to be ...Harappan Civilization. The religion of the Indus people had some interesting aspects. There is an absence of any temple among the remains of the Indus Valley. Some scholars like to believe that the large buildings found at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were in …Scholars such as Professor Gregory L. Possehl, author of Harappan Civilization, estimate that less than two percent of a probable 2,600 sites have been excavated across India, Pakistan and Afghanistan and more may still be found. It is often referred to as the “Harappan” civilization from Harappa, the first discovered site. Dec 13, 2014 · Harappa is a large village presently in the province of Punjab in Pakistan. The modern town is a part of and lies next to the ancient city.The site of Harappa is important in that it has provided proof of not just the Indus Valley Civilization as it was in its prime, but also of preceding and succeeding cultures as well and is the only site included in this category. The history of ancient Harappan and Egyptian civilizations was and still an area of interest attracting researchers and scholars all over the world, to investigate the constituents and the hidden ...Nov 21, 2020 · These can be envisioned in a hierarchy based on size and sophistication. The top consists of five major cities of roughly 250 acres each. One of those is Harappa, and because it was excavated first the entire civilization was named Harappan Civilization. The bottom of the hierarchy consists of fifteen thousand smaller agricultural and craft ... The Indus valley civilization gave the first cities and towns to the world that made a great impact on the Harappan civilization. Together with this, in the Harappa civilization, they developed several things such as sculptures, jewellers, poetry from the stone and metals. Harappa civilization is known as a 4700 years old civilization that was ... Jul 1, 2016 · July 1, 2016 by Anirudh. Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as Harappan Civilization after its first find-spot Harappa, was the largest of the four great ancient civilizations. It covered an area consisting of most of modern Pakistan, a significant part of India and parts of Afghanistan. It lasted for at least 1600 years. The Localisation Era (1900-1300 BCE) is the fourth and final period of the Indus Valley Tradition. It refers to the fragmentation of the culture of the Integration Era. The Localisation Era comprises several phases: [13] Punjab Phase ( Cemetery H, Late Harappan). The Punjab Phase includes the Cemetery H and other cultures.Sep 15, 2021 ... The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) is one of the four ancient civilizations of the world and is also claimed to be the largest among all.Sep 27, 2020 ... The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization, after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s ...By Dr. Vasant Shinde Introduction. The identification of the Harappan Civilization in the twenties of the twentieth century was considered to be the most significant archaeological discovery in the Indian Subcontinent, not because it was one the earliest civilizations of the world, but because it stretched back the antiquity of the …Harappa was a city in the Indus civilization that flourished around 2600 to 1700 B.C.E. in the western part of South Asia. Cities and Context. The Harappans used the same size bricks and standardized weights as were used in …

1. Ox- or water buffalo-drawn cart with driver from Harappa. 2. Reconstructed toy cart, Mackkay, Chanhu-daro, 1934, Plate LVIII. 3. Terra cotta toy carts from the Harappan period site of Nausharo in Baluchistan. 4. Toys, Harappa Culture, Mackkay, Chanhu-daro, 1934, Plate LVIII. Children.. Lyrics for the scientist

John S Kiernan, WalletHub Managing EditorNov 17, 2022 Civil judgments are one of the three main types of public records listed on credit reports, along with tax liens and bankruptc...Advertisement Unlike other vanished civilizations, at least some of the Mayans' written records have survived, which has enabled scholars to partially reconstruct their history. Bu...There is a real possibility that an all-out civil war with Tigray could begin and spill over into the rest Ethiopia Ethiopia’s government, under prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, is carry...Characteristics of the Harappan civilization. Chronology and cultural communities The chronology of the Harappan civilization is based on evidence of its contacts mainly with Mesopotamia and radiocarbon dates. The time of its existence is divided into three stages: 2900-2200 BC-early; 2200-1800 BC-developed (mature) 1800-1300 BC-lateOct 19, 2023 · The Indus Valley civilization was part of a trading network that included Afghanistan, Iran, and Oman. The Harappans were among the first civilizations to develop a system of standardized weights and measurements. This may have been helpful for trade and tax collection. Archaeologists continue to investigate the Harappan civilization. Harappan society was an urban society and comprised of at least three distinct social groups: Ruled, rich merchants, and poor laborers who lived in the lower part of the city. It shows the division of labor and specialization in Harappan society. It also shows that Harappans had well organized administrative machinery. Harappan Civilization. The religion of the Indus people had some interesting aspects. There is an absence of any temple among the remains of the Indus Valley. Some scholars like to believe that the large buildings found at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were in …Sep 6, 2023 · The Harappan Civilization, often referred to as the Harappan Civilization, was a prominent Bronze Age society that thrived in the north western areas of South Asia. Its zenith occurred from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE , with its broader existence spanning from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE . Harappan civilization had collapsed by 1300 BC and the society had seemed to decline by 1900 BC. The “Indus valley civilisation” or “Harappan civilisation” declined around 1800 BCE. The Harappan civilisation was the most beautiful civilisation at that Romanian time where the creation of sculptures, cities, drainage systems was the most famous innovation.Dec 1, 2015 ... Map highlights the Indus Valley Civilization Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Mehrgarh and Lothal with current countriy boundaries.Harappa and Mohenjo-daro were the two great cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, emerging around 2600 BCE along the Indus River Valley in the Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. Their discovery and excavation in the 19th and 20th centuries provided important archaeological data regarding the civilization’s technology, art, trade ... Mehrgarh, Pakistan and Life in the Indus Valley Before Harappa The Roots of the Chalcolithic Indus Civilization. Print The ruins of Mehrgarh, an ancient mud-brick village dating from before 6500 BC, Baluchistan, Pakistan. ... about the time when the Harappan periods of the Indus civilization began to flourish at Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro …Ancient Urban Community in Modern-Day India and Pakistan. The Indus Valley civilization was around from about 3300–1700 B.C.E., roughly 5,320 to 3,720 years ago. Also known as the Harappan civilization, the Indus Valley civilization was one of the world's earliest urban civilizations. At the same time, the civilizations of ancient …The Indus civilization, also known as the Indus valley civilization or Harappan civilization, was the Indian subcontinent's first known urban society. The civilisation appears to have existed between 2500 and 1700 BCE, however, the southern sites may have continued into the 2nd millennium BCE.Shereen Ratnagar: It is a very vast topic. One usually begins with some map work. The Harappa civilization covered a swathe of land from the Baluchistan mountain frontiers of South Asia, across the Indus valley below Lahore, the flat land between the Indus tributaries’ plains and the Gangetic drainage, and a swathe of land from southern Sind ...A beaded necklace from late Harappan context from the site of Harappa. Beads are a fashion statement in today’s world. They are beautiful. And they can also tell us the story of a civilization ...Tour the ancient Indus Civilization with one of its foremost scholars and recent excavators, Jonathan Mark Kenoyer. Stunning slides from Harappa and Mohenjo-... Around the Indus in 90 Slides 2. The Latest Discoveries at Harappa 1995-1998 include the earliest Indus writing, a 133 bead pot, 16 tablets, and more.Harappa was the centre of one of the core regions of the Indus Valley Civilization, located in central Punjab. The Harappan architecture and Harappan Civilization was one of the most developed in the old Bronze Age. The Harappan Civilization has its earliest roots in cultures such as that of Mehrgarh, approximately 6000 BC. Harappa is the name of the ruins of an immense capital city of the Indus Civilization, and one of the best-known sites in Pakistan, located on the bank of the Ravi River in central Punjab Province.At the height of the Indus civilization, between 2600–1900 BCE, Harappa was one of a handful of central places for thousands of cities and towns ….

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